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GMAT阅读题型练习（283）

2018-02-11 14:39:00来源：网络

　　本文来自GMAT阅读题库(点击查看更多)，为考生提供GMAT阅读题目练习及答案解析，希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。点击下载更多GMAT备考必备资料。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道!

　　GMAT阅读题目内容

　　Jon Clark’s study of the effect of the modernization of a telephone exchange on exchange maintenance work and workers is a solid contribution to a debate that encompasses two lively issues in the history and sociology of technology: technological determinism and social constructivism.

　　Clark makes the point that the characteristics of a technology have a decisive influence on job skills and work organization. Put more strongly, technology can be a primary determinant of social and managerial organization. Clark believes this possibility has been obscured by the recent sociological fashion, exemplified by Braverman’s analysis, that emphasizes the way machinery reflects social choices. For Braverman, the shape of a technological system is subordinate to the manager’s desire to wrest control of the labor process from the workers. Technological change is construed as the outcome of negotiations among interested parties who seek to incorporate their own interests into the design and configuration of the machinery. This position represents the new mainstream called social constructivism.

　　The constructivists gain acceptance by misrepresenting technological determinism: technological determinists are supposed to believe, for example, that machinery imposes appropriate forms of order on society. The alternative to constructivism, in other words, is to view technology as existing outside society, capable of directly influencing skills and work organization.

　　Clark refutes the extremes of the constructivists by both theoretical and empirical arguments. Theoretically he defines "technology" in terms of relationships between social and technical variables. Attempts to reduce the meaning of technology to cold, hard metal are bound to fail, for machinery is just scrap unless it is organized functionally and supported by appropriate systems of operation and maintenance. At the empirical level Clark shows how a change at the telephone exchange from maintenance-intensive electromechanical switches to semielectronic switching systems altered work tasks, skills, training opportunities, administration, and organization of workers. Some changes Clark attributes to the particular way management and labor unions negotiated the introduction of the technology, whereas others are seen as arising from the capabilities and nature of the technology itself. Thus Clark helps answer the question: "When is social choice decisive and when are the concrete characteristics of technology more important?"

　　8、Which of the following statements about Clark’s study of the telephone exchange can be inferred from information in the passage?

　　A.Clark’s reason for undertaking the study was to undermine Braverman’s analysis of the function of technology.

　　B.Clark’s study suggests that the implementation of technology should be discussed in the context of conflict between labor and management.

　　C.Clark examined the impact of changes in the technology of switching at the exchange in terms of overall operations and organization.

　　D.Clark concluded that the implementation of new switching technology was equally beneficial to management and labor.

　　E.Clark’s analysis of the change in switching systems applies only narrowly to the situation at the particular exchange that he studied.


　　

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