GMAT重点动词英英解释（5）

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　　41. Deserve VERB:

　　To acquire as a result of one's behavior or effort:

　　earn, gain, get, merit, win. Informal : rate¹.

　　42. Stipulate verb

　　(formal) to state clearly and firmly that sth must be done, or how it must be done: [VN]

　　A delivery date is stipulated in the contract. ◆ [V that] The job advertisement

　　stipulates that the applicant must have three years' experience.

　　43. Testify verb(testifies, testifying, testified, testified)

　　~ (against / for sb)

　　~ (to / about sth) to make a statement that sth happened or that sth is true, especially

　　as a WITNESS in a court of law: [V] She refused to testify against her husband. ◆

　　There are several witnesses who will testify for the defence. ◆ He was summoned to

　　testify before a grand jury. ◆ [V (that)] He testified (that) he was at the theatre at the

　　time of the murder. [also V speech]

　　[V (that)]to say that you believe sth is true because you have evidence of it: Too

　　many young people are unable to write or spell well, as employers will testify.

　　[V](especially AmE) to express your belief in God publicly

　　Phrasal Verbs:testify to sth (formal) to show or be evidence that sth is true

　　Synonym: EVIDENCE

　　44. Justify verb(justifies, justifying, justified, justified)

　　to show that sb/sth is right or reasonable: [V -ing] How can they justify paying such

　　huge salaries? ◆ [VN] Her success had justified the faith her teachers had put in her.

　　[also VN -ing]

　　~ sth (to sb) to give an explanation or excuse for sth or for doing sth: [VN] The

　　Prime Minister has been asked to justify the decision to Parliament. ◆ You don't need

　　to justify yourself to me. [also V -ing, VN -ing]

　　[VN] (technical) to arrange lines of printed text so that one or both edges are straight

　　45. Substantiate VERB:

　　1.To present evidence in support of:

　　back (up), buttress , corroborate.

　　See SUPPORT .

　　2.To assure the certainty or validity of:

　　attest , authenticate, back (up), bear out, confirm, corroborate , evidence, justify , testify

　　(to), validate, verify , warrant.

　　See SUPPORT , TRUE .

　　3.To represent (an abstraction, for example) in or as if in bodily form:

　　body forth, embody , exteriorize, externalize, incarnate , manifest, materialize, objectify ,

　　personalize, personify .

　　See SUBSTITUTE.

　　4.To establish as true or genuine:

　　authenticate, bear out, confirm, corroborate , demonstrate, endorse, establish,

　　evidence, prove, show , validate, verify .

　　See SHOW , SUPPORT .

　　46. Confirm verb

　　to state or show that sth is definitely true or correct, especially by providing evidence:

　　[VN] Rumours of job losses were later confirmed ◆ His guilty expression confirmed

　　my suspicions. ◆ Please write to confirm your reservation (= say that it is definite). ◆

　　[V (that)] Has everyone confirmed (that) they're coming? ◆ [V wh-] Can you

　　confirm what happened? ◆ [VN that] It has been confirmed that Lewis's next fight

　　will be against Bruno.

　　[VN] ~ sth

　　~ sb (in sth) to make sb feel or believe sth even more strongly: The walk in the

　　mountains confirmed his fear of heights.

　　[VN]to make a position, an agreement, etc. more definite or official; to establish

　　sb/sth firmly: After a six-month probationary period, her position was confirmed. ◆ He

　　was confirmed as captain for the rest of the season.

　　[VN][usually passive]to make sb a full member of the Christian Church: She was

　　baptized when she was a month old and confirmed when she was thirteen.

　　47. Affirm verb

　　(formal) to state firmly or publicly that sth is true or that you support sth strongly: [VN]

　　Both sides affirmed their commitment to the ceasefire. ◆ The decision was affirmed by

　　the Court of Appeal. ◆ [V that] I can affirm that no one will lose their job. [also V

　　speech]

　　affirmation noun [U, C] : She nodded her head in affirmation.

　　48. Assure VERB:

　　1.To cause (another) to believe or feel sure about something:

　　convince, persuade, satisfy , win over .

　　See PERSUASION.

　　2.To render certain:

　　ensure, guarantee, insure , secure , warrant. Informal : cinch.

　　See CERTAIN.

　　49. Follow VERB:

　　1.To act in conformity with:

　　abide by , adhere, carry out, comply , conform, keep, mind, obey , observe.

　　Idioms:toe the line (or mark) .

　　See ACCEPT , SAME.

　　2.To keep (another) under surveillance by moving along behind:

　　dog , shadow, track , trail . Informal : bird-dog, tail.

　　See PRECEDE.

　　3.To occur after in time:

　　ensue, succeed, supervene .

　　Idioms:follow on (or upon) the heels of.

　　See PRECEDE, TIME .

　　4.To occur as a consequence:

　　attend, ensue, result.

　　See CAUSE , PRECEDE .

　　5.To take as a model or make conform to a model:

　　copy , emulate, imitate , model (on, upon, or after), pattern (on, upon, or after).

　　Idioms:follow in the footsteps of, follow suit, follow the example of.

　　See SAME .

　　6.To perceive and recognize the meaning of:

　　accept , apprehend, catch (on), compass, comprehend, conceive , fathom , get, grasp , make out,

　　read, see , sense , take , take in , understand. Informal : savvy . Slang : dig . Chiefly British : twig .

　　Scots : ken.

　　50. Observe verb(not used in the progressive tenses) (formal)

　　to see or notice sb/sth: [VN] Have you observed any changes lately? ◆ All the

　　characters in the novel are closely observed (= seem like people in real life). ◆ I want

　　you to observe all the details. ◆ [VN inf] The police observed a man enter the bank.

　　◆ [VN -ing] They observed him entering the bank. ◆ [V that] She observed that all

　　the chairs were already occupied. ◆ [VN to inf] He was observed to follow her closely.

　　to watch sb/sth carefully, especially to learn more about them: [VN] I felt he was

　　observing everything I did. ◆ The patients were observed over a period of several

　　months. ◆ [V wh-] They observed how the parts of the machine fitted together. ◆ [V]

　　He observes keenly, but says little.

　　(formal) to make a remark: [V that] She observed that it was getting late. [also V

　　speech]

　　[VN] to obey rules, laws, etc: Will the rebels observe the ceasefire?

　　[VN] (formal) to celebrate festivals, birthdays, etc: Do they observe Christmas?

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