GMAT语法之分词做定语、状语用法全解

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　　V-ing结构在句子中可以做定语，状语

　　1、放在句子末尾时，如果前面是主谓宾结构，如果同时时态上与主句搭配合理，V-ing结构作状语，作为：

　　· 伴随动作，表与主句动词同时发生的动作

　　· 伴随结果，表主句动作带来的结果。

　　此时注意其逻辑主语的判断：其所修饰分句的动作发出者。

　　2、如果前面是主系表结构，由于系动词是一个状态不存在“被伴随”，但是V-ing结构依然修饰的是整个主系表结构，所以后面的V-ing结构也可以被解读为修饰前面的名词成分—主语(如果宾语是名词，也一同修饰，因为主系表结构中主语和宾语所指是同一事物--见OG10-39, OG11-24中对正确选项C的解释)。

　　例：OG10-39 For members of the seventeenth-century Ashanti nation in Africa, animal-hide shields with wooden frames were essential items of military equipment, a method to protect warriors against enemy arrows and spears.

　　· a method to protect

　　· as a method protecting

　　· protecting

　　· as a protection of

　　· to protect

　　OG10-39的解释(注意C选项的解释)：

　　Choice C is best because the participle protecting begins a phrase that explains what the shields did. Choices A and B awkwardly use the singular word method to refer to items of military equipment rather than to the use of such items. Also, a method of protecting would be more idiomatic than a method to protect in A or a method protecting in B. In B and D, as is incorrect; also, a protection in D has no noun for which it can logically substitute. Choice E is incomplete; used to protect would have been acceptable.

　　OG11-24的解释(注意C和E选项的解释)

　　Logical predication + rhetorical construction

　　The underlined part of the sentence begins a phrase describing items of military equipment. It is awkward and inaccurate to describe items as a method. Replacing the underlined phrase with the participle protecting creates a modifying phrase that clearly explains the purpose of the items of military equipment.

　　A A method to protect is an awkward reference to items

　　B The singular a method should not refer to the plural items, as a method protecting is not idiomatic

　　C Correct. In this sentence, protecting properly introduces a modifying phrase revealing the purpose of the items.

　　D Beginning the phrase with as is incorrect; using the noun form protection creates wordiness

　　E The infinitive to protect cannot act as an adjective modifying items; the participial form of the verb, protecting, is required

　　The correct answer is C.

　　3、现在分词在句尾用逗号隔开，必须要注意的一点是这个结构从来都没有失去过“做定语”的功能，只是优先做状语而已，即优先修饰到前面主句的主语和谓语。如下题如果前面主句的谓语是完成时态，那么既然已经完成了，drawing就无法再做其的伴随，所以只剩下做定语的功能。

　　例：OG12-21

　　Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.

　　(A) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are

　　(B) Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

　　(C) Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and are

　　(D) Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

　　(E) Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,

　　答案是A。 OG对D项的解释: The final descriptor in present tense,now drawing conclusions....does not fit the opening clause, which is in present-prefect tense(have amassed a wealth)and seems to modify adulthood.

　　4、aeoluseros对于Having done知识点的补充说明：

　　· 不能作为名词结构，因此不能用该结构作主语。

　　· 我对定语、状语的理解是这样的：有的时候同一个成分、结构可以做定语，也可以做状语，只要区分被修饰对象与结合时态等分析逻辑上能不能合理修饰就够了，没必要太在意是做定语还是做状语。也就是说，区不区分定语、状语都可以，关键是要明白定语和状语的功能都是“修饰”(有点像废话，不过我的意思是平时我统一把他们记为“修饰语”，只有在做题目解释的时候才区分一下)。

　　prep1-188中，A选项"having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood"，你可以把这个成分理解成状语，也可以理解为定语，修饰的都是Neuroscientists这个主体或这个主体发出的动作，只要你把having看做定语和状语时，句意理解起来是一样的，那么就没有歧义问题。

　　而prep1-97：Industrialization and modern methods of insect control have improved the standard of living around the globe while at the same time they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants, having gone virtually unregulated since they were developed more than 50 years ago.这里面having可能修饰pollutants，也可能修饰they have introduced some 100,000 dangerous chemical pollutants整个分句，所以having产生了修饰歧义

　　· having done可以做非限定性修饰，不能做限定性修饰。

　　夸克的语法大全里面明确写出having done做限定性修饰是错误的：

　　The perfective aspect cannot usually be expressed in the finite clause:

　　wrong: The man having won the race is my brother.

　　correct: The man who has won the race is my brother.

　　也就是说.完成时的ing分词形式(having done)作为限制性的修饰是不可以的，但是可以作为非限制性的修饰。

　　· having done短语中所表达的内容发生在主句动作之前

　　· When having done 结构一定错错，因为不应该有 when。单是 Having done 就够了。Have 有很多地方与正牌动词不同，When 后就不能用 having 了。原因是 having done 是过去，而 when 是当时，所以有冲突。

　　分词短语逻辑主语的判断

　　· 分词短语在句首作状语:逻辑主语=主句主语

　　· ing分词短语在句尾:

　　· 表伴随动作/状态/功能,与句子谓语动作同时发生,逻辑主语=句子主语

　　· 表伴随结果,整个句子是原因,导致分词动作产生,无逻辑主语.可以在分词前加thus/thereby/in effect/in fact等,也可以不加 (现在分词做状语表结果，OG154和259。)

　　· ed分词短语在句尾,一般优先就近作定语,修饰名词[OG127]

　　· ing分词和ed分词在句中：优先作定语修饰就近的名词[OG191]

　　· 介词或介词短语+ing分词: in addition to/in/by/without/besides+doing…,句子

　　· 在句首,逻辑主语=句子主语

　　· 在句尾,逻辑主语可能是句子主语也可能不是

　　关于分词修饰语的理解 – by tigercaiqun

　　1.当过去分词在句末时，不管有无逗号，都是就近修饰名词;

　　2.现在分词在句末时，无逗号是就近修饰的名词的定语;

　　3.当现在分词在句尾且前有逗号时,修饰邻近句子的主语,做主语的伴随状语或做句子的伴随结果.因此不能用句尾现在分词修饰前面句尾的名词. 所以OG127说C选项:"the phrase having been assigned...is uncertain in reference,making the sentence unclear."-->就是说这个现在分词本来是应该修饰前面的employee的,却变成了修饰主语governments了. (另外在GMAT里,having been done的用法错误,应直接用done)

　　避免上述错误的方法:所修饰的名词在句尾用定语从句修饰--OG127正确选项B (而不用加逗号的现在分词修饰.其实分词是定语从句的省略形式,在句中无逗号分词(注意是无逗号的,有逗号的在句中有歧义)就比定语从句简洁)还有 OG120也是同样道理:修饰句尾名词,正确选项A用定语从句.E选项的句尾现在分词错误.

　　4.当现在/过去分词在句中且前没有逗号,修饰前面紧邻名词;

　　5.当现在/过去分词在句中且前后都有逗号,有歧义:1)修饰前面紧邻的名词,2)向后修饰后面句子的主语.

　　这种结构在GMAT肯定错,如果修饰某句主语,则避免将该分词置于以名词结尾的句后.避免方式:1)用定语从句/介词短语明确修饰对象.2)可将分词提到句首,所修饰主语及所在句子紧跟其后-->形成句首分词修饰句子主语.见OG179

　　6.在前面有多个名词如名词1+介词+名词2结构,而要用分词修饰名词1时,为避免歧义要重复名词1即用同位语结构:名词1+介词+名词2,名词1+分词.见OG208。

　　现在分词伴随状语的正反向考法 -- by dxwei2008

　　GMAT语法中常常考查前一个分句的整体对后面一个对象的作用结果，一般认可的正确答案是使用现在分词做伴随状语。另外还有一种应用情况是，两个动作同时发生。在平时的语法中，我们常常使用连词and来连接两个动作，可是在GMAT语法中常常使用伴随状语。老鱼在它的讲座里举的一个例子就是：

　　She is sitting on the tree and reading a book. (一般语法)

　　She is sitting on the tree, reading a book.(GMAT语法)

　　所以我们在以下两个情况下要使用伴随状语

　　· 前一个分句的整体对后面某一个对象的作用

　　· 两个同时发生的动作 ，补充主语的动作

　　· 正向考法

　　正向考法就是要你识别出前一个分句是从整体上对后一个分句的宾语发生作用。例如：

　　He scored 100, making him the best student.

　　这里的making动作的逻辑主语就是前一个分句的整体。既不是前分句的主语也不是前分句的宾语，所以只可以使用伴随状语。

　　· 反向考法

　　既然一个考点可以正向考，如果不反向也考一考就没有难度了。反向的考法是，当前一个分句本来没有对后一个分句的宾语造成任何作用，题目却不断地引诱你去这样做。例如：

　　He went into the classroom and sat on the chair.(逻辑上很合理，只有进了教室才可以坐在椅子上)

　　ETS的干扰选项：He went into the classroom, sitting on the chair.(逻辑上就很荒谬了，在进教室这个动作发生的时候，他一直坐在椅子上)

　　He scored 100 in the 1st test and scored 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很合理)

　　ETS的干扰选项：He scored 100 in the 1st test, scoring 99 in the 2nd test.(逻辑上很荒谬，第一次考了100导致第二次考99)

　　以上就是新东方在线为大家总结的GMAT语法之分词做定语、状语用法全解的相关内容，最后预祝大家在GMAT考试中取得优异的成绩!

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