选课中心
7099人选课
GMAT公开讲座
0元
GRE公开讲座
0元
一对一体验课
99元
GMAT模考网站
10000人
GRE模考网站
GMAT课程
GRE课程
托福辅导课程
【定制】1v1
私人订制
资料下载
考前冲刺
扫码添加助教
免费领取
备考资料大礼包
扫码关注公众号
本文来自GMAT阅读题库(点击查看更多),为考生提供GMAT阅读题目练习及答案解析,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。点击下载更多GMAT备考必备资料。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道!
GMAT阅读题目内容
The efficacy of standard clinical trials in medicine has recently become the subject of contentious debate between those practitioners who maintain that such trials, despite admitted shortcomings, still represent the best means we have for learning about the effects of pharmaceutical drugs on the human body, and those who maintain that the current system of collecting knowledge of such effects is but one possibility and most likely not the most efficacious one. Gimley and Lebsmith, in their recent work, fall into the latter camp and indeed go further by challenging the idea that the standard medical trials can yield meaningful information on pharmacogenetics, or how a drug interacts with the human body.
Gimley and Lebsmith’s foremost criticism is that the effect of a drug differs depending on a person’s physiology. To be sure, there are cohorts, or groups, that react to a drug in a specific manner, but clinical trials are unequipped to identify such groupings. The main reason is that clinical trials are allied to the notion that the larger the number of subjects in a study, the greater the validity of a drug, should it show any promise. Therefore, even if a drug can exercise a marked effect on a subset of subjects within a trial, this information will be lost in the statistical noise.
Another criticism of Gimley and Lebsmith concerns the very idea of validity. Pharmaceutical companies will run hundreds of trials on hundreds of different medications. Given the sheer number of trials a few are likely to yield positive results, even if there is no demonstrable effect. Gimley and Lebsmith cite the fact that most pharmaceuticals that have exerted a positive effect in the first round of testing are likely to fail in the second round of testing.
Gimley and Lebsmith argue that a more effective approach is to identify groups who exhibit similar genetic subtypes. This very approach is currently in use in groups possessing a particular molecular subtype of breast cancer. Furthermore, these groups are not only trying one specific drug, but also a combination of such drugs , subbing them in and out to measure the effects on a subject, a procedure Gimley and Lebsmith endorse. Nonetheless, such an approach is often both time- consuming and costly. However, given the constraints of current medical trials, trials that target subtypes—even if they do not yield any significant advances—will encourage a culture of experimentation on how clinical trials are conducted in the first place.
2、The author’s suggestion that the kind of trials that Gimley and Lebsmith endorse “will encourage a culture of experimentation” assumes that
A.those not currently involved in challenging the foundations of conventional pharmaceutical trials will begin to challenge those foundations
B.any attempt to divide patients into groups based on their genetic subtype will fail to yield any useful information on how a drug will affect the broader population
C.unsuccessful trials that target subtypes will provide useful feedback for those hoping to conduct similar trials in the future
D.the research of those working with subtypes will serve as a catalyst for those who aim to change the underlying structure of clinical trials
E.experimentation into trials that differ significantly in their overall design from conventional trials will likely fail to offer any useful insights into pharmacogenetics
资料下载
新东方GMAT佛脚词汇1.0版本
发布时间:2023-06-30添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
新东方GMAT数学500题资料下载
发布时间:2023-05-26添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
新东方GMAT800题资料下载
发布时间:2022-05-21添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
1000句GMAT真实句子改错问题
发布时间:2022-04-17添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
2024杨鹏阅读难句(GMAT+GRE)教程
发布时间:2022-04-17添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
新东方GMAT数学500题(解析及答案)
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
新东方GMAT800题(逻辑+语法+阅读)
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
新东方GMAT佛脚词汇1.0版本
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
GMAT词汇/长难句/语法资料大全
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
GMAT语文考试圣经(Bible)电子版
发布时间:2019-11-27关注新东方在线美研订阅号
回复【GMAT】获取
GMAT推理圣经PDF电子版
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
GMAT考试OG五个版本题号对照表
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
GMAT Ultimate Grammar电子书籍PDF
发布时间:2019-11-27添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加美研助教号,
回复【GMAT】获取备考必看资料包
推荐阅读
更多>>新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读复习的五大步骤,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 1:原来
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读背景的培养,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 一、经济学
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读复习效率不高怎么办,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 建
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读提高速度的根本方法,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 1
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读如何避免错误,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 要避免GMA
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读技巧的提升,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! GMAT阅读推
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读备考的注意事项,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! GMAT阅
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读怎么提高自己的能力,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 建
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读长句子的备考,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 1 首先
新东方在线GMAT频道为大家带来GMAT阅读水平怎么提高,希望对大家GMAT备考有所帮助。更多精彩尽请关注新东方在线GMAT频道! 下面就来
资料下载
更多>>添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
关注新东方在线美研订阅号
回复【GMAT】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
添加新东方美研助教号
回复【资料】获取
阅读排行榜
相关内容