GMAT OG语法例题整理下

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　　11. Based on accounts of various ancient writers, scholars have painted a sketchy picture of the activities of an all-female cult that, perhaps as early as the sixth century B.C., worshipped a goddess known in Latin as Bona Dea, "the good goddess."

　　(A) Based on accounts of various ancient writers

　　(B) Basing it on various ancient writers' accounts

　　(C) With accounts of various ancient writers used for a basis

　　(D) By the accounts of various ancient writers they used

　　(E) Using accounts of various ancient writers

　　In choice A, the introductory clause beginning Based on modifies scholars, the noun that immediately follows it: in other words, A says that scholars were based on the accounts of various ancient writers. Choice B is awkward and impre­cise in that the referent for the pronoun it is not immediately clear. C and D are also wordy and awkward, and in D By the accounts... they used is an unidiomatic and roundabout way of saying that scholars used me accounts. E, the best choice, is clear and concise; it correctly uses a present participle (or "-ing" verb) to introduce the modifier describing how the scholars worked.

　　12. Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

　　(A) Formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

　　(B) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to new small businesses in the same way as they do to established big businesses.

　　(C) Because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, new small businesses are not subject to the same applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity as established big businesses.

　　(D) Because new small businesses are growing and are seldom in equilibrium, formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity do not apply to them in the same way as to established big businesses.

　　(E) New small businesses are not subject to the applicability of formulas for cash flow and the ratio of debt to equity in the same way as established big businesses, because they are growing and are seldom in equilibrium.

　　In A, the they after because is ambiguous; it seems illogically to refer to Formulas because they and Formulas are each the grammatical subject of a clause and because the previous they refers to Formulas. In A and B, do not apply to... in the same way as they do to is wordy and awkward. D, the best choice, says more concisely in the same way as to. Also in B, because they refers to formulas, the introductory clause states confusedly that the formulas are growing. In C and E, subject to the [same] applicability of... is wordy, awkward, and imprecise; furthermore, are is preferable either before or after established big businesses to complete the comparison. Finally, the referent of they is not immediately clear in E.

　　13. State officials report that soaring rates of liability insurance have risen to force cutbacks in the opera­tions of everything from local governments and school districts to day-care centers and recreational facilities.

　　(A) rates of liability insurance have risen to force

　　(B) rates of liability insurance are a force for

　　(C) rates for liability insurance are forcing

　　(D) rises in liability insurance rates are forcing

　　(E) liability insurance rates have risen to force

　　choices A and B, rates of is incorrect; when rates means "prices charged," it should be followed by for. Also in B, are a force for does not accurately convey the meaning that the soaring rates are actually forcing cutbacks in the present. In A and E, it is redundant to say that soaring rates have risen. Similarly, the word rises makes D redundant. C, the best choice, is idiomatic and concise, and it correctly uses the progressive verb form are forcing to indicate an ongoing situation.

　　14. Paleontologists believe that fragments of a primate

　　jawbone unearthed in Burma and estimated at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of a crucial step along the evolutionary path that led to human beings.

　　(A) at 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

　　(B) as being 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of

　　(C) that it is 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

　　(D) to be 40 to 44 million years old provide evidence of

　　(E) as 40 to 44 million years old provides evidence of what was

　　D, the best choice, correctly follows estimated with to be. The other choices present structures that are not idiomatic when used in conjunction with estimated. Choices B, C, and E all mismatch the singular verb provides with its plural subject, fragments, and in choices C and E, what was is unnecessary and wordy. In choice C, the use of the verb phrase estimated that it is produces an ungrammatical sentence.

　　15. In his research paper, Dr. Frosh, medical director of the Payne Whitney Clinic, distinguishes mood swings. which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis.

　　(A) mood swings, which may be violent without their being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

　　(B) mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis ,

　　(C) between mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease, and genuine manic-depressive psychosis

　　(D) between mood swings, perhaps violent without being grounded in mental disease, from genuine manic-depressive psychosis

　　(E) genuine manic-depressive psychosis and mood swings, which may be violent without being grounded in mental disease

　　The best choice is C because it uses the idiomatically correct expression distinguishes between x and y and because it provides a structure in which the relative clause beginning which may be violent clearly modifies mood swings. The other choices use distinguishes in unidiomatic constructions. Additionally, their in A is intrusive and unnecessary, and the modifier of mood swings in B and D (perhaps violent) is awkward and less clear than the more developed clause which may be violent.

　　16. Unlike a typical automobile loan, which requires a fifteen- to twenty-percent down payment, the lease-loan buyer is not required to make an initial deposit on the new vehicle.

　　(A) the lease-loan buyer is not required to make

　　(B) with lease-loan buying there is no requirement of

　　(C) lease-loan buyers are not required to make

　　(D) for the lease-loan buyer there is no requirement of

　　(E) a lease-loan does not require the buyer to make

　　Choice E, the best answer, correctly uses a parallel construc­tion to draw a logical comparison: Unlike a typical automobile loan,... a lease-loan.... Choice A illogically compares an automobile loan, an inanimate thing, with a lease-loan buyer, a person. In choice C, buyers makes the comparison inconsis­tent in number as well as illogical. Choices B and D are syntactically and logically flawed because each attempts to compare the noun loan and a prepositional phrase: with lease-loan buying in B and/or the lease-loan buyer in D. Choices B and D are also imprecise and awkward. Finally, choice E is the only option that supplies an active verb form, does not require, to parallel requires.

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