GMAT语法比较关系的内容

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　　1. 常见的比较词汇:

　　Like, Unlike, More than, Less than, Faster than, different from, in contrast with/to, Compare to, as, as (adj.) as, as much as, as fast as, the same as.

　　2. 比较的解题法则：

　　1)读语义找标志词：

　　① 找出逻辑概念是否可以比较; ② 注意专题中的标志词;

　　2)注意点：

　　① 看到了标志词，知道比较点双方是否存在并且是否可以比较;

　　(Cat’s paw和Dog;1982年和1984年的事)

　　② 比较双方是否形式一致;

　　(前后双方要保持形式一致，除非不同语态，但要保持形式一致)

　　③ 比较是否清晰;

　　注意什么和什么比：在逻辑语义上;

　　A, B, and C (其中AC是人，B是物，那么逻辑比较的双方是AC,语法形式是否一致)

　　④ 比较是否简洁(比较省略的运用)：

　　a. a as b 如果省略b这块的主语和谓语，那么比较就默认为b这里的主谓和a一致;

　　b. 比较前后的动词是否可以省略：

　　Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette可以是主语或者是宾语)

　　Right: I like cheese more than Yvette. (=than Yvette like cheese)

　　Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. (=than I like Yvette)

　　. 比较最重要的看的，是两者是否可以比较;(可比性)

　　3. 比较注意点：

　　原则： 选择正确的比较;

　　排除： 排除不正确的比较形式;

　　形式： 1) as...as

　　2) more/less/greater/higher...than

　　3) like/unlike (必须两个名词)

　　举例： The new SUV uses gas more quickly as the small sedan does 错误

　　The new SUV uses gas more quickly than the small sedan does. 正确

　　排除： 没有形成正确的逻辑比较;

　　原则： 在比较中，"that"可以用来替代单数物体的比较;"those"是用来比较复数的。

　　举例： The couches in the living room are smaller than that in the den. 错误

　　The couches in the living room are smaller than those in the den. 正确

　　Unlike the head chef, whose dishes are always healthy, the assistant chef's are quite unhealthy. 错误

　　Unlike the head chef's dishes, whose dishes are always healthy, the assistant chef's are quite unhealthy. 正确

　　暗示： 当你看到比较选项词出现，比较词请考虑是否用比较来做题目

　　(比较是考察的核心，即选项里比较的差异性会是题目的考点)

　　#GMAT语法比较形式#

　　4. 比较的形式：

　　1)逻辑意思表达清晰，比较种类匹配;

　　① 常见的(主谓全)比较结构

　　a. 主语比较

　　A do sth than B do (AB为对等名词，加do是为了显示这是一个可以发出动作的名词，因而确定是主语，进而确定是主语对比)

　　b. 介宾比较

　　A do sth of C1 by D1 than of C2 by D2 (C1C2, D1D2对等名词)

　　注意一定要是介宾才能直接跟在than后面,不要造成歧义

　　The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than outside the racks. 错

　　The clothes inside the store looked more appealing than did those outside the racks. 对

　　(Clothes inside the store和outside the racks做比较，第一句比较的是衣服和racks)

　　c. 宾语比较

　　A do C1 than C2 (C1C2为对等名词)

　　d. 状语比较

　　A do sth than usual/ ever before/ people expected

　　② 一种句型只有主谓，没有宾语的句子，因为没有宾语，只可能有主语比较，因而不需要重复do来确认这是一个可发出动作的主语。

　　a. I eat faster than you. 我吃的比你快。

　　b. I eat apple faster than you do. 我吃苹果比你吃苹果快。

　　c. I eat apple faster than you. 我吃苹果比吃你快。

　　2)比较对象对等清晰，清晰界定比较关系元素

　　比较对象清晰对等，因本着为对方着想的思路，让比较两方读起来更加清晰好懂

　　A recent review of pay scales indicates that CEO’s now earn an average of 419 times more pay than blue-collar workers, compared to a ratio of 42 times in 1980.

　　a. that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, a ratio that compares to 42 times

　　b. that, on average, CEO’s now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio

　　答案是2 times和times在比; 1的话 a ratio和times在比 所以2更加清晰简洁

　　3)简洁原则：比较结构的省略

　　① 所有格省略

　　前句有明确说明所有物是什么东西，后句的就可以省略。

　　P. S. 所有格或者所有物单复数都可以，只有逻辑意思合理就行。

　　EG: My car is bigger than Brian’s (car). My toes are longer than Brian’s (toes)

　　② 比较从句可以省略宾语，谓语甚至整个从句，只要逻辑意思合理。

　　EG: whereas I drink 2 quarts of milk a day, my friend drink 3 (quarts).

　　I walk faster than Brian (walks)

　　I walk as fast now as (I walked) when I was young

　　③ 为了不造成歧义，需要添加动词和情态动词，以保持逻辑含义鲜明。

　　EG: Visual eats more carrots than donuts. (donuts必须为宾语才能省略)

　　Ambiguous: I like cheese more than Yvette. (Yvette可以是主语或者是宾语)

　　Right: I like cheese more than Yvette. (=than Yvette like cheese)

　　Right: I like cheese more than I do Yvette. (=than I like Yvette)

　　④ As/than 分句中省略

　　a. 省略谓语动词及补足部分。

　　This house is not SO expensive as the other one

　　Does she dance as gracefully as her sister?

　　She is more highly regarded than he

　　b. 省略谓语动词的补足部分

　　The end of the movie wasn’t as good as the beginning was

　　John drove much more carefully than Tom did.

　　c. 省略主动词。宾语不同则保留宾语。如果宾语相同则连同主动词一起省略。

　　Mary has known peter better than she has (known) John.

　　George writes as neatly as John does

　　⑤ 众多例句中可以看出，当比较结构是同质事物之间的比较，即比较项相同时，比较结构必须采取这样或那样的省略形式。这显然成了比较结构的一大特点。

　　⑥ 省略与歧义：

　　比较结构通常总有些部分被省略， 如果省略后比较分句只剩下一个名词词组， 那么这个名词词组通常不是主语就是宾语。

　　a. I speak Greek better than you (speak Greek)

　　b. The photographs disappointed my parents more than (they disappointed) me.

　　如果省略后剩下的那个名词词组既可以看做比较分句的主语，也可以看作宾语，就会出现歧义现象。

　　I like to play Ping-Pong with john better than Peter.

　　I like to play Ping-Pong with John better than (I like to play Ping-Pong with) Peter.

　　我喜欢和彼得打乒乓球，我更喜欢和约翰打球

　　I like to play Ping-Pong with John better than Peter (like to play Ping-Pong with) Peter. 我比彼得更喜欢和约翰打球。

　　⑦ 在省略部分比较内容的时候，代词的单复数要一致 (that of/those of)

　　#p#GMAT语法比较各种形式#e#

　　5. 比较的各种形式：

　　1)Just as

　　just as A do, so B do平行比较结构的习惯搭配：意思是：就如同A…B…

　　这里的as是不能用like,whereas的。而且like…so…不符合搭配习惯，应该去掉so…

　　just as with和just like都是很wordy的

　　下面三种形式无区别(后两种强烈语气，不可以随意删掉so)前后都要用句子，不能只用短语。

　　Just as … , so … Just as you sow, so you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称

　　Just as … , as … Just as you sow, as you will reap 主从句要尽量形式对称

　　Just as … , so too … 主句要部分倒装(so too后是主句) Just as you sow, so too will you reap

　　2)So with和 As with

　　so with是错误结构。

　　as with的结构在日常语法中是对的(意思为“正如……的情况一样”， 看作是as is the same with的省略式，with 后面常跟名词、动名词或what从句)：

　　(1) As with most diseases and disasters, the young suffer the most.

　　就像大部分的疾病和灾难一样，最遭罪的是年轻人。

　　(2) As with drawing a picture, you should be patient and careful in doing this job.

　　正如画画一样，你应该耐心并且认真做这项工作。

　　(3) As with what I said, he failed again.

　　正如我所说的，他又一次失败了。

　　但用于GMAT语法中，需要有其他结构与之平行:

　　With diamonds, as with all gems, you should ask for a written description of your purchase; the description may prove useful later if you have reason to believe the jeweler misled you.

　　单纯的as with the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.结构错误，应该用as is the case + prep. (of/with/in) + sth.

　　As is the case with traditional pharmacies, prescriptions are the cornerstone of a successful on-line drugstore, since it is primarily prescriptions that attract the customers, who then also buy other health related items.

　　3)Compare with和Compare to

　　Compare A with B 拿a和b比

　　Compare A to B 把a比喻成b

　　① compared with直接跟在逗号后面可以修饰逗号前面名词短语的核心词：

　　Example：

　　In the United States, while the number of foreign-born residents and their children is higher than ever, the percentage of the population they represent is not; in 1910 this group made up 35 percent of the population, compared with 20 percent in 2000.

　　② Compared with也可以修饰前面整个分句，compared with后面的名词与主语比较：

　　Example:

　　Today, more than 43 percent of Californians under the age of eighteen are Hispanic, compared with about 35 percent a decade ago.

　　③ as compared to/with中as指代前面整句的核心含义：

　　A recent review of pay scales indicates that, on average, CEO's now earn 419 times the pay of blue-collar workers, as compared to 42 times their pay, the ratio in 1980.

　　4)Rather than和instead of

　　Rather than是连词 后面可以跟任何东西

　　Instead of 是介词 后面只可以跟名词

　　对于动名词来说，GMAT更喜欢用RATHER THAN来替代DOING 因为：

　　① I ski rather than snowboard." -- Correct.

　　② I ski instead of snowboarding.—Correct

　　但是①明显比②读出来好 因为更加平行

　　Instead of GMAT常用代替 (计划的，原有的，习惯的。。。)

　　Let’s play card instead of watching TV.

　　Rather than GMAT常用比较 (不是，不愿，不想。。。)

　　I think I will have a cold drink rather than coffee.

　　一道真题比较：

　　A. Instead of accepting the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus sailed west to see whether he could reach India, having been sent by the king and queen of Spain.

　　B. Rather than accept the conventional wisdom that the earth was flat, Christopher Columbus sailed west to see whether he could reach India, having been sent by the king and queen of Spain.

　　A中 instead of后面加的动作和哥伦布后面的动作不并列 accepting是动名词 sailed动词

　　B中 rather than后面的动作和哥伦布后面的动作并列 accept是动词 sailed动词

　　5)Like + n 与 As+句子的比较结构

　　Like/as 的差别在 like是一个介词，因此它后面只能跟名词，代词或者名词短语，而as后面的必须是完整的句子或者不引起歧义下的省略成分，但是不能是简单的名词性结构。

　　当like和as 修饰的比较对象是名词，且没有歧义的情况下;like + n.是更加简洁的结构

　　当是举例的情况下(such as)或者省略可能造成修饰歧义的情况下用as

　　a. Like + N 比较结构

　　While Jackie Robinson was a Brooklyn Dodger, his courage in the face of physical threats and verbal attacks was not unlike that of Rosa Parks, who refused to move to the back of a bus in Montgomery, Alabama.

　　courage和courage 在比

　　在这样的情况下， LIKE后面加的宾语类型和主句主语的类型必须保持一致。

　　Like A’s book, B’s book is red. 书和书比

　　Like A, B’s book is red. 人和书比

　　b. As+ 句子的比较结构 后面不能接简单的名词性结构

　　几种可能正确的形式： A do…… as B do

　　A can….. as B can

　　A is ….. as B and C are

　　补出助动词的原则是必须和主语的类型一致，而且要时态一致。

　　但是如果as结构自己就带了时间状语，那么该as结构的时态和自己带的状语保持一致，而类型和主句保持一致。

　　A do…as B did ten years ago.

　　介宾比较_as+从句_完整句 According to a recent poll, owning and living in a freestanding house on its own land is still a goal of a majority of young adults, as it was of earlier generations

　　Is 和was相对应 ，was要补出

　　As用作举例的情况时

　　The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever more accurate. A. The ability of scientists to provide models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to changing conditions, like seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions, have become ever more accurate.

　　D. Scientists have become able to provide ever more accurate models of the atmosphere’s complex responses to such changing conditions as seasonal and daily cycles or different planetary conjunctions.

　　这里 conditions后面的 like和such as做举例用， 说明有什么样的季节情况，所以举例用as

　　c. 高级用法

　　当一道题里出现两个选项。As或者like结构出现在两个逻辑分句的中间。这个时候就会产生歧义。

　　Because young children do not organize their attention or perceptions systematically, like adults, they may notice and remember details that their elders ignore.

　　a. Like adults

　　b. As adults do

　　我们注意到A选项和D选项都符合语法规则，也都和前面的children保持数的一致性，从纯语法规则上讲是都正确的。但是A存在歧义。我们不清楚like adults是和前一个分句构成整体还是和后一个分句构成整体。也就是不知道大人是在“do not organize”这个动作上和小孩一样还是在“may notice and remember”这个动作上和小孩一样。所以有歧义。好在前后两个分句的助动词不一样，所以可以使用as结构区分。因为as结构的助动词和前一个分句一致的话，就应该和前一个分句构成整体;同样，和后一个分句的助动词一致的话，就应该和后一个分句构成整体。

　　6) As…as

　　As…as结构总体上分成两种 as+ adj. +as; the same as

　　A. 主语比较 ==) 需要注意一点 as…+adj+as…结构中的第二个as会做代词，它做后一个比较结构的主语，从而从结构上看起来是只有宾语和谓语的比较

　　① 对于主谓宾全的主语比较，谓语动词必须补出来。

　　例句：Today, because of improvements in agricultural technology, the same amount of acreage produces double the apples that it has in 1910.

　　a. twice as many apples as it did

　　b. as much as twice the apples it has

　　苹果和苹果比; did和produce做对照。 B不好 much修饰不了苹果，has和前面不对应

　　Dirt roads may evoke the bucolic simplicity of another century, but financially strained townships point out that dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads.

　　(A) dirt roads cost twice as much as maintaining paved roads (B) dirt roads cost twice as much to maintain as paved roads do (C) maintaining dirt roads costs twice as much as paved roads do a. 比较 dirt road的开销和维护paved的路来比

　　b. 维护D路和P路的费用相比

　　c. 维护D路的费用和P路的费用相比

　　② 对于主谓+其他非名词性结构修饰成分的句子的主语比较，由于谓语动词之后不存在名词性结构造成歧义，谓语动词省略。

　　Last year, land values in most parts of the pinelands rose almost so fast. and in some parts even faster than what they did outside the pinelands.

　　(A) as fast as, and in some parts even faster than, those

　　(B) as fast as, and in some parts even faster than what they did

　　答案是A 土地的价值在大部分的P地区，长的非常快，甚至比在P以外的地区长的都要快

　　③ as…as…结构中有一个特殊结构是在第二个as做代词的情况下，此时比较的前后都是完整的句子

　　In one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War, fought at Sharpsburg, Maryland, on September 17, 1862, four times as many Americans were killed as would later be killed on the beaches of Normandy during D-Day.

　　(A) Americans were killed as

　　(B) Americans were killed than those who

　　选择第一个 as many as搭配 第二个as作代词 前后完整的句子

　　B. 宾语比较==) 这种比较存在于主谓宾全的句子中。需要和主谓宾全的句子的主语

　　In a recent poll, 86 percent of the public favored a Clean Air Act as strong or stronger than the present act.

　　(A) a Clean Air Act as strong or stronger than

　　(B) at least as strong a Clean Air Act as is

　　(C) a Clean Air Act at least as strong as

　　其中A 缺少as..as的结构;B is不需要添加 C正确

　　C. 状语比较

　　注意在存在可能歧义的情况下，补出最完成的句子结构是最好的。

　　Never before had taxpayers confronted so many changes at once as they had in the Tax Reform Act of 1986.

　　a. as many changes at once as they confronted in

　　b. at once as many changes as

　　答案A 告知大家 在1986年税收改革后，更多的税率支付者面临了一个什么样的局面。B强调ACT的本身就是很多的变化

　　D. As..+adj+as.. 和more than 的比较级相比 as+adj+as 更强调的是事物的共性

　　According to a survey of graduating medical students conducted by the Association of American Medical Colleges, minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice in socioeconomically deprived areas. (A) Minority graduates are nearly four times more likely than are other graduates in planning to practice (B) minority graduates are nearly four times as likely as other graduates to plan on practicing.

　　B正确 A X TIMES+MORE THAN这种用法不成立; likely更强调的是事物的共性。

　　7)其他用法

　　contrary to：一般接抽象名词(ideas, opinions, or actions)，在句首的时候不需要逻辑主语

　　in contrast with：后面接具体名词和抽象名词都可以(a difference between people, ideas, situations, things etc)，要求平行

　　Similar=like，different from=unlike 但是similar to和different from一般不可放在句首

　　6. 倍数的表达方式:

　　Twice/ double

　　关于twice as many/much as结构：

　　如果你说 "twice as many",那么应该跟可数名词

　　e.g., twice as many dogs --> "dogs" is a countable noun

　　如果你说 ”twice as much’ 那么应该跟不可数名词

　　e.g., twice as much water --> "water" is an uncountable noun

　　关于类似twice as many/much as的结构：appositive modifier(同位语修饰词)。

　　不仅仅名词，有些形容词也是可以作为appositive modifier的，这种形容词用逗号隔开放在句尾，还是习惯于修饰最近的词语(但是不绝对)。这样的形容词有different from, (double/twice) as many as等。

　　Antigenic shift refers to the combination of two different strains of influenza; in contrast, antigenic drift refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza.

　　A. influenza; in contrast, antigenic drift refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza

　　B. influenza, different than the natural mutation of a single strain, known as antigenic drift

　　C. influenza, in contrast to the natural mutation of a single strain, known as antigenic drift

　　D. influenza, different than antigenic drift, which refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza

　　E. influenza; in contrast to antigenic drift, which refers to the natural mutation of a single strain of influenza

　　Key: A. 此题里面D选项different than先改为different from。而即便改为different from，也修饰不到Antigenic shift，因为太远了，需要在different from前面加上and is(其他错误暂不考虑)。

　　as many可以当一个数目来用。但是如果连接twice这样的倍数，则后面要用as many as，做比较来用。

　　twice的用法：

　　twice as many…as; twice as much…as;

　　twice + n.(可以是代词，比如that); twice + what从句;

　　The farm has more than twice as many cows as it has pigs.: 农场有多于猪两倍多的牛的数量(农场牛的数量比猪的两倍还要多)。(很多人会误读为猪比牛多。)

　　可以类比一下A has B twice as many as C这个比较句型也可以写为A has twice as many B as C. 所以句子的核心是A has B，即：The farm has cows.

　　twice as …as中前一个as是副词，more than twice as修饰many;而as it has pigs中的as自然是个连词，所以后面跟的是一个adverbial clause(状语从句/副词从句)，而as…as句型比较特殊，后面的as要与前面as所修饰的内容相呼应，所以as it has pigs应该与前面as所修饰的对象many相呼应，即as it has pigs也是修饰了many。不管怎么说as it has pigs都不是核心成分。这样翻译过来就是农场有牛，相当于两倍多的猪。故，牛多猪少。

　　用动词表达倍数：

　　double/triple/quadruple/quintuple/sextuple ----》这些动词可以做形容词(double还能做adv, predeterminer)

　　sth. double sth.; sth. is doubled; sth. double(adj.);

　　几个永远错误的形式：

　　(1)produce double; a doubling of; produce a doubling

　　(2)as much as twice the apples(much与apples矛盾)(要改为twice as many apples as; sth. double sth.)

　　这几个动词可以用主动也可以用被动，但是不能和as搭配;(差不多记住这句话就可以)

　　…times(或数字) as + 形容词或副词+as;

　　sb. be + 百分数 + more likely (to do sth.) than to do sth.(前面的to do 能省，后面的不能省)

　　at least fifty percent less likely than those who are sedentary to die of a heart attack

　　三类表示倍数的形容词为：twofold, threefold, fourfold, tenfold等。以twofold为例，其意思为two times as much or as many of something。该类词为形容词，多用于构成形容词+名词的词组，如：a threefold increase in revenue，少用于比较两个事物之间的倍数关系。

　　#p#GMAT语法比较题常犯错误#e#

　　7. 比较题可能常犯的错误：

　　1)构成比较额连词搭配错误或者不完整 as..as… more..than..

　　通常出现的错误形式有as…than… more…as; More rather than

　　不完整的情况有as many后面缺少as/more 后面缺少than

　　2) 构成比较的形容词/副词和修饰对象的搭配错误

　　例句：A study commissioned by the Department of Agriculture showed that if calves exercise and associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do those raised in confinement. (A) associated with other calves, they will require less medication and gain weight quicker than do (E) associate with other calves, they require less medication and gain weight more quickly than

　　Quicker than和 more quickly than 选后者 E

　　3) 比较结构的冗余： as many as, more than同时出现的结构

　　In a recent poll, 86 percent of the public favored a Clean Air Act as strong or stronger than the present act.

　　(A) a Clean Air Act as strong or stronger than

　　(B) a Clean Air Act that is stronger, or at least so strong as,

　　(E) a Clean Air Act at least as strong as

　　答案是E A as strong or stronger than同时出现 直接as strong as

　　B 多加了一个插入语 at least so strong as

　　E 正确简洁

　　4) 几组形容词的比较级区别

　　① Less 指的是数字和量小，通常是不可数

　　There is less water in the bucket than in the pool.

　　I have been trying to cut back, so now I drink less coffee.

　　② Fewer指的数量小，通常是修饰可数名词

　　Express checkout: 10 items or fewer.

　　Gene has read only a few books on the assigned reading list.

　　③ lower 修饰程度

　　The average temperature is lower in the winter than in the summer.

　　Lower the water level in the pool by pulling the drain plug.

　　④ Amount: quantity

　　Degree: level or amount.

　　Larger/smaller size, amount, or number

　　Greater degree = greater level or amount

　　Higher/lower number + amount

　　size并不是一个测度，而是how big or small something is，一个程度

　　形容amount和number的时候三者都可以用higher, larger, greater。

　　形容size的时候可以用只larger。

　　形容level(程度)的时候只可以用greater。

　　以上就为大家整理的“GMAT语法比较关系的内容”，更多精彩内容，请关注新东方在线GMAT频道。

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