GMAT考试逻辑考试90题

　　21. Historian： We can learn about the medical history of individuals through chemical analysis of their hair. It is likely， for example， that Isaac Newton’s psychological problems were due to mercury poisoning; traces of mercury were found in his hair. Analysis is now being done on a lock of Beethoven’s hair. Although no convincing argument has shown that Beethoven ever had a venereal disease， some people hypothesize that venereal disease caused his deafness. Since mercury was commonly ingested in Beethoven’s time to treat venereal disease， if researchers find a trace of mercury in his hair， we can conclude that this hypothesis is correct.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the historian’s argument depends

　　None of the mercury introduced into the body can be eliminated.

　　Some people in Beethoven’s time did not ingest mercury.

　　Mercury is an effective treatment for venereal disease.

　　Mercury poisoning can cause deafness in people with venereal disease.

　　Beethoven suffered from psychological problems of the same severity as Newton’s.

　　22. In 1992， a major newspaper circulated throughout North American paid its reporters an average salary paid by its principle competitors to their reporters. An executive of the newspaper argued that this practice was justified， since any shortfall that might exist in the reporters’ salaries is fully compensated by the valuable training they receive through their assignments.

　　Which one of the following， if true about the newspaper in 1992， most seriously undermines the justification offered by the executive

　　Senior reporters at the newspaper earned as much as reporters of similar stature who worked for the newspaper’s principle competitors.

　　Most of the newspaper’s reporters had worked there for more than ten years.

　　The circulation of the newspaper had recently reached a plateau， after it had increased steadily throughout the 1980s.

　　The union that represented reporters at the newspaper was different from the union that represented reporters at the newspaper’s competitors.

　　The newspaper was widely read throughout continental Europe and Great Britain as well as North America.

　　23. On a certain day， nine scheduled flights on Swift Airlines were canceled. Ordinarily， a cancellation is due to mechanical problems with the airplane scheduled for a certain flight. However， since it is unlikely that Swift would have the mechanical problems with more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day， some of the nine cancellations were probably due to something else.

　　More than one or two airplanes were scheduled for the nine canceled flights.

　　Swift Airlines has fewer mechanical problems than do other airlines of the same size.

　　Each of the canceled flights would have been longer than the average flight on Swift Airlines.

　　Swift Airlines had never before canceled more than one or two scheduled flights on a single day.

　　All of the airplanes scheduled for the canceled flights are based at the same airport.

　　24. The interstitial nucleus， a subregion of the brain’s hypothalamus， is typically smaller for male cats than for female cats. A neurobiologist perFORMed autopsies on male cats who died from disease X， a disease affecting no more than .05 percent of male cats， and found that these male cats had interstitial nuclei that were as large as those generally found in female cats. Thus， the size of the interstitial nucleus determines whether or not male cats can contract disease X.

　　Which one of the following statements， if true， most seriously weakens the argument

　　No female cats have been known to contract disease X， which is a subtype of disease Y.

　　Many male cats who contract disease X also contract disease Z， the cause of which is unknown.

　　the interstitial nuclei of female cats who contact disease X are larger than those of female cats who do not contract disease X.

　　Of 1，000 autopsies on male cats who did not contract disease X， 5 revealed interstitial nuclei larger than those of the average male cat.

　　The hypothalamus is known not to be causally linked to disease Y， and disease X is a subtype of disease Y.

　　25. There should be a greater use of gasohol. Gasohol is a mixture of alcohol and gasoline， and has a higher octane rating and fewer carbon monoxide emissions than straight gasoline. Burning gasohol adds no more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants remove by photosynthesis.

　　Each of the following， if true， strengthens the argument above EXCEPT：

　　Cars run less well on gasoline than they do on gasohol.

　　Since less gasoline is needed with the use of gasohol， an energy shortage is less likely.

　　Cars burn on the average slightly more gasohol per kilometer than they do gasoline.

　　Gasohol is cheaper to produce and hence costs less at the pump than gasoline.

　　Burning gasoline adds more carbon dioxide to the atmosphere than plants can remove.

　　26. Barnes： The two newest employees at this company have salaries that are too high for the simple tasks normally assigned to new employees and duties that are too complex for inexperienced workers. Hence， the salaries and the complexity of the duties of these two newest employees should be reduced.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which Barnes’s argument depends

　　The duties of the two newest employees are not less complex than any others in the company.

　　It is because of the complex duties assigned that the two newest employees are being paid more than is usually paid to newly hired employees.

　　The two newest employees are not experienced at their occupations.

　　Barnes was not hired at a higher-than-average starting salary.

　　The salaries of the two newest are no higher than the salaries that other companies pay for workers with a similar level of experience.

　　27. These days， drug companies and health professionals alike are focusing their attention on cholesterol in the blood. The more cholesterol we have in our blood， the higher the risk that we shall die of a heart attack. The issue is pertinent since heart disease kills more North Americans every year than any other single cause. At least three factors——smoking， drinking， and exercise-can each influence levels of the cholesterol in the blood.

　　Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the passage

　　If a person has low blood cholesterol， then that person’s risk of fatal heart disease is low.

　　Smoking in moderation can entail as great a risk of fatal heart disease as does heavy smoking.

　　A high-cholesterol diet is the principal cause of death in North America.

　　The only way that smoking increases one’s risk of fatal heart disease is by influencing the levels of cholesterol in the blood.

　　The risk of fatal heart disease can be altered by certain changes in lifestyle.

　　28. Ordinary mountain sickness， a common condition among mountain climbers， and one from which most people can recover， is caused by the characteristic shortage of oxygen in the atmosphere at high altitudes. Cerebral edema， a rarer disruption of blood circulation in the brain that quickly becomes life-threatening if not correctly treated from its onset， can also be caused by a shortage of oxygen. Since the symptoms of cerebral edema resemble those of ordinary mountain sickness， cerebral edema is especially dangerous at high altitudes.

　　Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends

　　The treatment for ordinary mountain sickness differs from the treatment for cerebral edema.

　　Cerebral edema can cause those who suffer from it to slip into a coma within a few hours.

　　Unlike cerebral edema， ordinary mountain sickness involves no disruption of blood circulation in the brain.

　　Shortage of oxygen at extremely high altitude is likely to affect thinking processes and cause errors of judgment.

　　Most people who suffer from ordinary mountain sickness recover without any special treatment.

　　29. The price of a full-fare coach ticket from Toronto to Dallas on Breezeway Airlines is the same today as it was a year ago， if inflation is taken into account by calculating prices in constant dollars. However， today 90 percent of the Toronto-to-Dallas coach tickets that Breezeway sells are discount tickets and only 10 percent are full-fare tickets， whereas a year ago half were discount tickets and half were full-fare tickets. Therefore， on average， people pay less today in constant dollars for a Breezeway Toronto-to-Dallas coach ticket than they did a year ago.

　　Which one of the following， if assumed， would allow the conclusion above to be properly drawn

　　A Toronto-to-Dallas full-fare coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines provides ticket-holders with a lower level of service today than such a ticket provided a year ago.

　　A Toronto-to-Dallas discount coach ticket on Breezeway Airlines costs about the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.

　　All full-fare coach tickets on Breezeway Airlines cost the same in constant dollars as they did a year ago.

　　The average number of coach passengers per flight that Breezeway Airlines carries from Toronto to Dallas today is higher than the average number per flight a year ago.

　　The criteria that Breezeway Airlines uses for permitting passengers to buy discount coach tickets on the Toronto-to-Dallas route are different today than they were a year ago.

　　30. Combustion of gasoline in automobile engines produces benzene， a known carcinogen. Environmentalists propose replacing gasoline with methanol， which does not produce significant quantities of benzene when burned. However， combustion of methanol produces FORMaldehyde， also a know carcinogen. Therefore the environmentalists’ proposal has little merit.

　　Which one of the following， if true， most supports the environmentalist’ proposal

　　The engines of some automobiles now on the road burn diesel fuel rather than gasoline.

　　Several large research efforts are under way to FORMulate cleaner-burning types of gasoline.

　　In some regions， the local economy is largely dependent on industries devoted to the production and distribution of automobile fuel.

　　FORMaldehyde is a less potent carcinogen than benzene.

　　Since methanol is water soluble， methanol spills are more damaging to the environment than gasoline spills.

　　Questions 31-32

　　Political opinion and analysis outside the mainstream rarely are found on television talk shows， and it might be thought that this state of affairs is a product of the political agenda of the television stations themselves. In fact， television stations are driven by the same economic forces as sellers of more tangible goods. Because they must attempt to capture the largest possible share of the television audience for their shows， they air only those shows that will appeal to large numbers of people. As a result， political opinions and analyses aired on television talk shows are typically bland and innocuous.

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